Horizontal Well Volumetric Fracturing Technology Integrating Fracturing, Energy Enhancement, and Imbibition for Shale Oil in Qingcheng Oilfield
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摘要: 庆城油田页岩油储层低压、低脆性指数特征明显，是阻碍体积压裂后建立高效驱替渗流系统的重要因素，为此，研究了压裂、增能和渗吸（压增渗）一体化体积压裂技术。建立了页岩油储层类型精细划分方法；基于长期产液剖面测试所得矿场大数据，优化了不同储层类型改造策略；利用油藏数值模拟方法，优化了压增渗体积压裂技术关键参数。研究表明：Ⅰ+Ⅱ类储层改造段数占比 83.6%，产出占比 95.5%，为主要产能贡献段；Ⅲ类储层产出占比仅4.5%，对产能贡献有限，因此，应优先改造Ⅰ+Ⅱ类储层，选择性改造Ⅲ类储层；Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储层进液强度最优区间分别为20～25 m3/m和 15～20 m3/m，增能方式为同步增能。庆城油田200余口页岩油水平井应用了压增渗一体化体积压裂技术，单井初期产油量由9.6 t/d提高至18.0 t/d，单井1年累计产油量由2 380 t提高至5256 t，单井估计最终可采量由1.8×104 t提高至2.6×104 t，取得了显著效果。该技术为其他同类非常规页岩油藏高效开发提供了技术借鉴。Abstract: Shale oil reservoirs in Qingcheng Oilfield have distinct characteristics of low pressure and low brittleness index, which significantly hinder the establishment of an efficient displacement seepage system after volumetric fracturing. In light of this, a volumetric fracturing technology was developed integrating fracturing, energy enhancement, and imbibition. A new method for refined and detailed classification of shale oil reservoirs was formulated. Then, stimulation strategies for different reservoir types were optimized with field big data obtained from tests on long-term fluid production profiles. Finally, the key parameters of the volumetric fracturing technology integrating fracturing, energy enhancement, and imbibition were optimized through the numerical simulation of oil reservoirs. The research results showed that type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ reservoirs, making up 83.6% of the stimulated sections and 95.5% of the total production, were the main contributions to productivity. In contrast, the productivity contribution of type Ⅲ reservoirs accounted for only 4.5% of the total production. Therefore, stimulation treatment priority should be given to type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ reservoirs while only some selective sections of type Ⅲ reservoirs should be stimulated. The optimal intervals of fluid injection intensity for type I and type II reservoirs are 20–25 m3/m and 15–20 m3/m respectively, with synchronous energy enhancement. The volumetric fracturing technology was applied to more than 200 horizontal shale oil wells in Qingcheng Oilfield. The initial single-well production was increased from 9.6 t/d to 18.0 t/d, the single-well annual cumulative oil production was enhanced from 2 380 t to 5256 t, and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) was improved from 1.8×104 t to 2.6×104 t. This technology has provided a technical reference for the efficient development of similar unconventional shale oil reservoirs.
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图 1 庆城油田不同类型页岩油储层的压裂段数、投入和产出占比
Figure 1. Proportion comparison of number of fracturing sections, input, and output among different types of shale oil reservoirs in Qingcheng Oilfield
图 2 不同裂缝间距下的地层压力变化情况对比
Figure 2. Comparison of formation pressure variation at different fracture spacing
图 3 不同基质渗透率的有效渗流距离对比
Figure 3. Comparison of effective seepage distance at differentmatrix permeability
图 4 不同类型页岩油储层单井最终可采储量与进液强度的关系
Figure 4. Relation between single-well EUR and fluid injection intensity in different types of shale oil reservoirs
图 6 同步增能和压后增能下的含油饱和度对比
Figure 6. Comparison of oil saturation under synchronous and post-fracturing energy enhancement
表 1 庆城油田页岩油储层与国内外页岩油储层特征参数对比
Table 1. Characteristic parameter comparison of shale oil reservoirs in Qingcheng Oilfield and those in China and other countries
对比地层 沉积
环境埋深/
m油层厚度/
m孔隙
度，%渗透率/
mD含油饱和
度，%气油比/
（m3·t−1）原油黏度/
（mPa·s）压力系数 水平应
力差/
MPa脆性指
数，%鄂尔多斯盆地延长组 湖相 1 600～
2 2005～15 6.0~11.0 0.110～
0.14067.7~72.4 75～122 1.21～1.96 0.77～0.84 4~6 35～45 准噶尔盆地芦草沟组 湖相 2 700～
3 90010～13 8.0~14.6 0.010~
0.01278.0~80.0 18~22 11.70~21.50 1.20～1.60 5~9 50～51 三塘湖盆地条湖组 湖相 2 000～
2 8005～20 8.0~18.0 0.100～
0.50055.0~76.5 58.00～83.00 0.90 1~5 31～54 松辽盆地白垩系 湖相 1 700～
2 20010～30 5.0~18.0 0.020～
0.50048.0~55.0 4.00～8.00 1.10～1.32 3~6 北美二叠纪盆地 浅海相 2 134～
2 895400～600 8.0~12.0 0.010～
1.00075.0~88.0 50～140 0.15～0.53 1.05～1.50 1~3 45～60 
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表 2 庆城油田页岩油储层孔隙尺度及孔隙类型划分
Table 2. Pore scale and pore type division of shale oil reservoirs in Qingcheng Oilfield
孔隙种类 孔隙半径/μm 孔隙类型 孔隙数量 大孔隙 >20.0 原生粒间孔
铸模孔少 中孔隙 10.0～20.0 粒间孔隙
颗粒溶孔
岩屑溶孔较少 小孔隙 2.0～10.0 残余粒间孔
粒内溶孔
杂基溶孔较多 微孔隙 0.5～2.0 残余粒间孔
溶蚀微孔隙
晶间孔隙
黏土矿物晶间孔多 纳米孔隙 ≤0.5 微溶孔
晶间孔隙
晶内孔隙很多
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表 3 华H6平台水平井压裂参数及开发效果对比
Table 3. Comparison of fracturing parameters and development effect of horizontal wells in Platform Hua H6
井号 水平
段长
度/mI+II类
长度/
m压裂
段数裂缝密度/（簇·
（100m）–1）加砂
量/m3入地液
量/m31年累
计产油量/t华H6-1 1529 694 22 8.3 4158 31037 4936 华H6-2 1564 1139 25 8.6 2500 33498 4714 华H6-3 1468 454 23 10.3 2577 32527 4356 华H6-4 1260 764 19 10.5 3233 26185 4069 华H6-5 1323 841 19 8.9 2587 25596 3420 华H6-6 2 029 1057 27 10.2 3062 53780 5225 华H6-7 1588 1157 23 7.9 2575 27933 5766 华H6-8 2110 1250 26 11.7 2440 52604 4998 华H6-9 1 959 1420 28 12.4 5601 43893 3315 华H6-11 1252 779 16 7.7 5560 22557 4313 华H6-12 1191 957 19 8.7 4649 26709 5343
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